RESUMO
Cannabis is the most widely consumed illegal drug in Spain, with consumption concentrated mainly in adolescence and early adulthood. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (CUD) and dependent use in the Galician population aged 16 years and over, and to characterize cannabis users and cannabis dependent users. Data are from two cross-sectional studies from the Risk Behavior Information System conducted in 2017 (n = 7,841) and 2018 (n = 7,853). The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) was used to identify users with CUD and/or dependent use. Prevalences were estimated and regression models were fitted to identify variables associated with cannabis use and dependent use. In 2017-2018, 2.7% (95% CI: 2.5-3.0) of the Galician population aged 16 years and over consumed cannabis at the time of the survey, with this prevalence being 9% in the 16-24 years age group. Prevalence decreased with age and was higher in males in all age groups. The prevalence of CUD in users was 69.5% (95% CI 61.1-78.1) and of dependent use it was 49.2% (95% CI 46.6-53.9). Tobacco use was the major determinant of being a cannabis user [OR = 19.8 (95% CI 13.8-28.4)] and daily cannabis use of being a dependent user [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 3.2-9.5)]. Cannabis use among the Galician population is high, especially among young people aged 16-24 years, who show the highest probability of dependent use. Prevention measures should be aimed especially at the younger population aged 16 years to curb its use and the development of consequences such as CUD and dependent use.
El cannabis es la droga ilegal más consumida en España con un consumo que se concentra principalmente en la adolescencia y primeros años de la edad adulta. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia de consumo de cannabis, de trastorno por consumo de cannabis (CUD) y de consumo dependiente (CD) en la población gallega ≥16 años y caracterizar a los consumidores y a los consumidores dependientes. Los datos proceden de dos estudios transversales del Sistema de Información sobre Conductas de Riesgo realizados en 2017 (n = 7.841) y 2018 (n = 7.853). Se utilizó el test de adicción al cannabis (CAST) para identificar a los consumidores con CUD y/o CD. Se estimaron prevalencias y se ajustaron modelos de regresión para identificar variables asociadas al consumo y CD de cannabis. El 2,7% (IC 95%: 2,5-3,0) de la población gallega ≥16 años consumía cannabis en el momento de la encuesta (2017-2018), siendo esta prevalencia del 9% en el grupo de 16-24 años. La prevalencia disminuye con la edad y es superior en hombres en todos los grupos etarios. La prevalencia de CUD en los consumidores fue del 69,5% (IC 95% 61,1-78,1) y de CD del 49,2% (IC 95% 44,6 -53,9). Consumir tabaco es el mayor determinante para ser consumidor de cannabis [OR = 19,8 (IC 95% 13,8-28,4)] y consumir diariamente cannabis para ser consumidor dependiente [OR = 5,5 (IC 95% 3,2-9,5)]. El consumo de cannabis entre la población gallega es bajo, aunque entre los jóvenes de 16-24 años, que son los que muestran más probabilidad de CD, la prevalencia es elevada. Las medidas de prevención deben dirigirse especialmente a la población más joven de 16 años para frenar su consumo y el desarrollo de consecuencias como el CUD y el CD.
RESUMO
Echeveria is a polyploid genus with a wide diversity of species and morphologies. The number of species registered for Echeveria is approximately 170; many of them are native to Mexico. This genus is of special interest in cytogenetic research because it has a variety of chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. Additionally, there are no studies concerning nuclear DNA content and the extent of endopolyploidy. This work aims to investigate the cytogenetic characteristics of 23 species of Echeveria collected in 9 states of Mexico, analyzing 2n chromosome numbers, ploidy level, nuclear DNA content, and endopolyploidy levels. Chromosome numbers were obtained from root tips. DNA content was obtained from the leaf parenchyma, which was processed according to the two-step protocol with Otto solutions and propidium iodide as fluorochrome, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. From the 23 species of Echeveria analyzed, 16 species lacked previous reports of 2n chromosome numbers. The 2n chromosome numbers found and analyzed in this research for Echeveria species ranged from 24 to 270. The range of 2C nuclear DNA amounts ranged from 1.26 pg in E. catorce to 7.70 pg in E. roseiflora, while the 1C values were 616 Mbp and 753 Mbp, respectively, for the same species. However, differences in the level of endopolyploidy nuclei were found, corresponding to 4 endocycles (8C, 16C, 32C and 64C) in E. olivacea, E. catorce, E. juarezensis and E. perezcalixii. In contrast, E. longiflora presented 3 endocycles (8C, 16C and 32C) and E. roseiflora presented 2 endocycles (8C and 16C). It has been suggested that polyploidization and diploidization processes, together with the presence of endopolyploidy, allowed Echeveria species to adapt and colonize new adverse environments.
